Cystitis is an acute or chronic inflammation of the bladder walls. It is manifested by frequent and painful urination, with the presence of pus in the urine, blood clots, in children it is accompanied by symptoms of intoxication, elevated temperature. The disease is common in people of any age and gender, but it occurs more often in women, which is related to the anatomical characteristics of the urinary system.
Symptoms of cystitis
Cystitis is divided into acute and chronic. The acute form is characterized by spontaneous onset and rapid development. The first sign is a frequent urge to urinate every 20-30 minutes. Patients complain of pain in the suprapubic region, the pain spreads to the perineum, genitals, intensifies by pressure on the abdomen, slight filling of the bladder. Urination itself is painful with burning and pain, the act ends with the release of a few drops of blood. The color and transparency of urine changes: it looks cloudy, dark, with sediment and has an unpleasant smell. With a favorable outcome, the health condition improves in 4-5 days, in 7-10 days the patient recovers.
Chronic cystitis is characterized by alternating exacerbations and remissions or a continuous slow course. Symptoms correspond to the acute form, their severity increases in the acute phase.
Reasons
Certain conditions are necessary for the development of cystitis: infections, morphological or functional changes in the bladder. In most cases, the disease is contagious. The main causes of cystitis are E. coli, epidermal streptococcus, Proteus, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, enterococci. Microorganisms enter the bladder cavity from the external environment, kidneys, less often from other foci of inflammation: through lymph, blood, damaged bladder wall.
A suitable background for the development of bladder inflammation is created by:
- frequent hypothermia;
- infrequent or incomplete urination;
- weakened immunity;
- sedentary lifestyle;
- wearing clothes that are too tight;
- malnutrition;
- lack of vitamins;
- physical and psycho-emotional overload;
- chronic diseases;
- change of sexual partner or initiation of sexual activity;
- surgical interventions on the bladder, prostate;
- non-compliance with hygiene standards;
- the impact of radiation, chemical and toxic substances on the body;
- treatment with antibiotics and nephrotoxic drugs;
- presence of foreign bodies: urine drainage tubes, kidney stones, ureteral stents.
Diseases and pathological conditions such as diabetes mellitus, urolithiasis, Huerta's stricture in boys/men, prostate adenoma, prostatitis, dysbacteriosis, intestinal infections, helminthic diseases play a certain role in the development of cystitis.
Varieties
Cystitis is classified according to different criteria:
- downstream: acute - characterized by inflammatory lesions of the mucous membrane and submucous layer, and chronic - morphological changes affect the muscle layer;
- by etiology: bacterial (divided into specific and non-specific) and non-bacterial (chemical, medical, radiation, allergic);
- in the form: primary - arise without structural and functional changes in the urinary system, secondary - develop in conditions of bladder dysfunction, anatomical changes;
- according to the prevalence of the inflammatory process: focal (limited) and total (diffuse).
Diagnostics
In the diagnosis of cystitis, the urologist is helped by clinical manifestations, results of laboratory and instrumental studies. The main role in recognizing cystitis, its type, characteristics of the flow is played by general analysis of urine, urine culture for flora, determination of the level of urine acidity. According to the indications, an endoscopic examination of the bladder mucosa (cystoscopy) or X-ray (cystography), examination urography and ultrasound of the bladder is performed.
To confirm/exclude cystitis, specialists from CMRT clinics use modern diagnostic methods, such as:
- MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
- ultrasound (ultrasound)
- duplex scanning
- Computed topography of the spine Diers
- Control examination (comprehensive body examination)
- CT
Which doctor to contact
A urologist diagnoses and treats the disease. Depending on the causes and symptoms accompanying the disease, a consultation with a gynecologist and other specialists may be necessary.
How to treat cystitis
The course of treatment is chosen by a urologist, sometimes in cooperation with an endocrinologist, gynecologist, infectious disease specialist, gastroenterologist, surgeon and other specialists. In the stage of acute cystitis, in order to alleviate the symptoms of dysuric disorders, a dairy-vegetarian diet, limiting spicy, salty, fatty foods, spices, and thermal procedures in the bladder area are recommended. In order to quickly cleanse the bladder of toxins, bacteria, and inflammatory components, it is necessary to increase the drinking regime. In addition to slightly alkaline mineral water, you can drink juices, fruit drinks, compotes, weak green tea.
Uroantiseptic, antibacterial, antimicrobial, antiviral drugs are used in the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract, taking into account the type of pathogen. To get rid of pain, relieve muscle spasm, stop the symptoms of inflammation as prescribed, take analgesics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antispasmodics. In addition to the main treatment, after the signs of the disease subside, herbal medicine, electrophoresis and magnetotherapy are prescribed.
In the complication phase, if the disease cannot be cured by conservative therapy, surgical removal of the bladder or pathologically altered area is performed by resection, laser exposure, and freezing.
Complications
Prerequisites for the development of complications create chronic and secondary forms. Possible side effects include:
- sclerotic deformity of the bladder neck;
- anatomical and functional changes in the bladder;
- vesicoureteral reflux (reverse flow of urine from the bladder to the ureter);
- peritonitis;
- pyelonephritis;
- inflammation of the urethral walls.
Prevention of cystitis
Prevention of cystitis contributes to:
- exclusion of hypothermia;
- prevention of physical and psycho-emotional overwork;
- healthy and nutritious food;
- genital hygiene;
- early detection and treatment of infections, concomitant diseases;
- systematic emptying of the bladder;
- strengthening immunity;
- compliance with the drinking regimen.